Use of an Airborne Lidar System to Model Plant Species Composition and Diversity of Mediterranean Oak Forests

Abstract: Airborne lidar is a remote‐sensing tool of increasing importance in ecological and conservation research due to its ability to characterize three‐dimensional vegetation structure. If different aspects of plant species diversity and composition can be related to vegetation structure, landscape‐level assessments of plant communities may be possible. We examined this possibility for Mediterranean oak forests in southern Portugal, which are rich in biological diversity but also threatened. We compared data from a discrete, first‐and‐last return lidar data set collected for 31 plots of cork oak (Quercus suber) and Algerian oak (Quercus canariensis) forest with field data to test whether lidar can be used to predict the vertical structure of vegetation, diversity of plant species, and community type. Lidar‐ and field‐measured structural data were significantly correlated (up to r= 0.85). Diversity of forest species was significantly associated with lidar‐measured vegetation height (R²= 0.50, p < 0.001). Clustering and ordination of the species data pointed to the presence of 2 main forest classes that could be discriminated with an accuracy of 89% on the basis of lidar data. Lidar can be applied widely for mapping of habitat and assessments of habitat condition (e.g., in support of the European Species and Habitats Directive [92/43/EEC]). However, particular attention needs to be paid to issues of survey design: density of lidar points and geospatial accuracy of ground‐truthing and its timing relative to acquisition of lidar data.     

广州市园林绿化植物苗木对二氧化硫和二氧化氮吸收能力分析

采用人工模拟熏气法,研究了36种广州市园林绿化植物对SO2和NO2气体吸收净化能力,以系统聚类分析方法为依据,将参试植物的吸收净化能力划分为强性、较强、中等、较弱及弱5个等级。结果显示,在不同SO2质量浓度（0.259和0.448 mg.m-3）环境下,黄槐、鸡冠刺桐、红花银桦、木棉、红千层、大花紫薇、复羽叶栾树吸收SO2能力具有强或较强的能力,而罗汉松、竹柏、深山含笑、乐昌含笑、观光木、樟树、阴香、双翼豆、印度紫檀、大花五桠果、长芒杜英、五月茶、海南蒲桃、芒果、海南红豆、糖胶树和幌伞枫吸收SO2能力表现为较弱或弱;在NO2质量浓度（0.149和0.428 mg.m-3）环境下,黄槐、黄葛榕、红花银桦、红千层、麻楝、复羽叶栾树、大花紫薇和小叶榄仁吸收净化NO2能力为较强或强,而深山含笑、五月茶、芒果、海南红豆、糖胶树和桂花叶片对NO2吸收能力表现为较弱或弱。在不同SO2和NO2浓度环境下,黄槐、红花银桦、红千层、复羽叶栾树和大花紫薇叶片对SO2和NO2吸收净化能力表现为强或较强,而深山含笑、五月茶、芒果、海南红豆、糖胶树叶片对SO2和NO2吸收净化能力为较弱或弱。研究结果为珠三角城市功能型园林植物选择和广东生态景观林带建设提供科学依据。     

超低排放下燃煤电厂氨排放特征

燃煤电厂采用SCR(选择性催化还原)脱硝过程消耗大量的氨,同时存在氨逃逸和氨排放问题.为了掌握超低排放燃煤机组的氨排放程度、脱硝氨逃逸情况以及各环保设施对氨的协同脱除能力,为燃煤电厂氨减排政策制定和氨减排技术研发提供支持.在京津冀大气污染传输通道城市中选取11个城市中的14台机组,采用例如DL/T 260—2012《燃煤电厂烟含脱硝装置性能验收试验规范》的标准方法用稀硫酸吸收烟气中的氨再结合分光光度测试方法,对环保设施多个位置的烟气中氨进行浓度测试.结果表明:①氨排放浓度介于0.05~3.27 mg/m3之间,平均约0.95 mg/m3,通过烟气排入大气中氨的浓度不高;②测试的14台机组中有7台机组(约50%)脱硝氨逃逸值高于设计值(2.28 mg/m3),说明脱硝氨逃逸超过设计值呈普遍现象,个别电厂脱硝氨逃逸严重,氨逃逸亟待解决;③环保设施对逃逸氨具有较好的协同脱除能力,平均脱除率约为64.86%.建议对于SCR脱硝氨逃逸严重的机组,对SCR出口烟道截面氮氧化物(NO_x)实施网格式测试,在此基础上实施精细化精准喷氨、优化流场、提高SCR脱硝运行水平(或采用专业化运维),从源头上减少氨耗量,降低系统能耗和氨排放.      

平原河网地区滨岸带外来植物入侵现状及影响研究——以上海青浦区为例

河流滨岸带作为一种典型的开放系统,在受到外界干扰的条件下极易被外来植物所入侵并受到严重影响。以上海青浦区为例,通过对河流滨岸带生态系统入侵植物分布及现状调查,以及对两种入侵植物：白花三叶草（Trifolium repens）和加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）群落的物种多样性及其土壤特性的实证研究,探讨外来植物入侵对河流滨岸带生态系统造成的影响。结果表明：目前该地区河流滨岸带外来入侵植物共有14科24种,其科、种数分别占到该生态系统所有植物的48．3％与26．1％。入侵植物白花三叶草与加拿大一枝黄花在春、秋两季均显著降低了河流滨岸带植物群落的物种多样性。此外,两种人侵植物也对当地河流滨岸及土壤特性造成了不同程度的影响,其中对土壤含水量、pH值的影响最为显著。该研究填补了平原河网地区河流滨岸带生态系统外来植物入侵研究的空白,有助于今后开展对该生态系统的评价、恢复及管理工作。     

云南地区种子植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的空间分布格局

植物区系地理分布格局的研究有助于更好地理解植物区系的起源、迁移和分化。研究利用覆盖云南地区全境的植物区系分布信息,探讨了云南地区植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的地理分布格局。结果表明,所有热带区系属的多度均随着纬度升高呈递减趋势;大多数温带区系属的多度随着纬度的升高呈递增趋势。中亚分布（T13）属的多度的高值主要出现在滇西北地区,尤其是在金沙江、澜沧江和怒江的上游地区,但在其它地区十分少见。地中海、西亚至中亚分布（T12）属的多度的高值也出现在滇西北地区,但在其它地区无明显空间分布规律;中国特有分布（T15）属在滇西北地区最为丰富,其次是滇东南地区,大致以“田中线”为界,界线以西地区的中国植物特有属的多度明显低于界线以东地区。从南到北,植物区系过渡性基本上呈单调递增格局,这一格局的形成可能与区系成分的迁移和地形格局有关。大理州以南的低海拔地区,热带区系成分占据主导地位,并占据了云南大部分的土地面积,这在一定程度上证实了云南地区总体上是一个“热带山原”的假说。本研究与其它研究的不同可能源于与源数据和取样尺度的差异。     

外来红树植物无瓣海桑的入侵生态特征

无瓣海桑因其具有速生性的特点而被广泛的用于滩涂海岸造林和控制外来杂草互花米草。但是同样作为外来种,无瓣海桑其自身的入侵性及生态风险已经成为近年来研究的一大热点。依据外来种风险评估的侧重点,分别从定居特性、传播特性及其影响等方面总结了国内外无瓣海桑的入侵生态特征的相关研究,表明无瓣海桑具有速生、高生产力、对低温和土壤具有一定的适应性、已在澳门等地出现扩散入侵现象等利于入侵的特点;但是同时它生态位宽度中等,繁殖率较低,并且它的种植会改善红树林生态系统土壤养分,有利于乡土红树植物的生长。现有对无瓣海桑入侵生态特征的定性研究并不能完全确定其入侵性和生态风险。因此今后需采用风险评估模型等手段对无瓣海桑入侵性进行更为深入地评估。     

人工湿地污水处理系统中植物体系的构建与展望

植物是人工湿地系统中的重要组成成分之一,它不仅可以起到净化污水的作用,而且还为微生物提供生存环境,同时具有景观价值。因此要选择适应性强、生物量大、根系发达、具有抗逆性的植物作为湿地植物。由于陆生植物受季节影响小且易于管理,超富集植物和转基因植物具有较高的吸收、吸附和富集的作用的特点相继成为湿地系统中植物研究的热点。而且通过合理配置植物系统可以提高湿地系统净化效果。湿地植物仍存在受季节变化的影响,植物的衰退,植物收割的后续处理等问题,仍有待研究。随着对湿地植物研究的深入,人工湿地系统一定会获得更加广阔的应用前景。     

Rhizosphere effect of different aquatic plants on phosphorus depletion

A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52 mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis.     

Using Mediterranean shrubs for the phytoremediation of a soil impacted by pyritic wastes in Southern Spain: a field experiment

Re-vegetation is the main aim of ecological restoration projects, and in Mediterranean environments native plants are desirable to achieve successful restoration. In 1998, the burst of a tailings dam flooded the Guadiamar river valley downstream from Aznalcóllar (Southern Spain) with sludges that contained elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids, polluting soils and waters. A phytoremediation experiment to assess the potential use of native shrub species for the restoration of soils affected by the spillage was performed from 2005 to 2007, with soils divided into two groups: pH < 5 and pH > 5. Four native shrubs (Myrtus communis, Retama sphaerocarpa, Rosmarinus officinalis and Tamarix gallica) were planted and left to grow without intervention. Trace element concentrations in soils and plants, their extractability in soils, transfer factors and plant survival were used to identify the most-interesting species for phytoremediation. Total As was higher in soils with pH < 5. Ammonium sulphate-extractable zinc, copper, cadmium and aluminium concentrations were higher in very-acid soils, but arsenic was extracted more efficiently when soil pH was >5. Unlike As, which was either fixed by Fe oxides or retained as sulphide, the extractable metals showed significant relationships with the corresponding total soil metal concentration and inverse relationships with soil pH. T. gallica, R. officinalis and R. sphaerocarpa survived better in soils with pH > 5, while M. communis had better survival at pH < 5. R. sphaerocarpa showed the highest survival (30%) in all soils. Trace element transfer from soil to harvestable parts was low for all species and elements, and some species may have been able to decrease trace element availability in the soil. Our results suggest that R. sphaerocarpa is an adequate plant species for phytostabilising these soils, although more research is needed to address the self-sustainability of this remediation technique and the associated environmental changes.     

黄山市珍稀濒危药用植物资源及保护策略

归纳<国家珍稀濒危保护植物名录>、<国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)>和<国家重点保护野生药材物种名录>,黄山市拥有珍稀濒危药用植物42种,通过对其种类、分布,药用部位、功能主治的介绍,以期为制定黄山市珍稀濒危药用植物的保护措施和合理开发利用提供参考.